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WHAT THE GOVERNMENT 



AND 



THE CHURCHES 



ARE DOING FOR 



THE INDIANS. 




WASHINGTON: A 
GOYEENMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
1874. 



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WHAT THE GOVERNMENT AND CHURCHES ARE 
DOING FOR THE INDIANS. 



Department of the Interior, 

Washington, D. C, March 19, 1874. 
Sir : I Lave the honor to present herewith, for the information of 
Congress, a copy of a communication of this date, from Thomas K. 
Cree, Secretary of the Board of Indian Commissioners, together with 
the report therein referred to, of the work for the past year by the 
Government agents, teachers, and missionaries, at the various Indian 
agencies, and respectfully request a reference of the papers to the 
appropriate committee of the House of Eepresentatives. 
Yerv respectfully, vour obedient servant, 

C. DELANO, 

Secretary. 

The Speaker of the Rouse of Eepresentatives. 



Board of Indian Commissioners, 

Washington, D. (7., March 19, 1874. 
Sir : I have the honor to transmit herewith, for your information, a 
report of the work for the past year by the Government agents, teach- 
ers, and missionaries, at the various Indian agencies. The information 
is taken from the official reports made to the Board of Indian Commis- 
sioners, by the boards of the various churches, the missionaries, agents, 
teachers, and others, conversant with the work at the agencies. 
Yerv respectfully, your obedient servant, 

THOMAS K. CREE, 

Secretary. 

Hon. C. Delano, 

Secretary of the Interior. 



Report of the operations of the Government and missionary societies under 
the Indian peace-policy, exh ibiting the progress of civilization during the 
year 1873. 

SUMMAEY OF THE CHURCH WORK. 

The Protestant Episcopal Church, under the supervision of its Indian 
commission, expended from its own treasury, during the past year, for 
missionary work among Indians, $67,771.79, besides quite a large sum 
contributed by Indians and others directly engaged in the work. It 
has sustained a missionary bishop exclusively for this work, and has 
prosperous missions at most of the agencies assigned them. We gather 
from its report the names of twenty-one men and women engaged in the 



4 



various missions, and there are doubtless others. Of these Bishop Hare 
says: '-They are heroes and heroines, and that not in the lower realms of 
courage. I record their names with tears of thankfulness that God has 
given them such grace, and blessed me with the privilege of hearing 
them call me their bishop." 

The Presbyterian board report an expenditure of $22,550.55 for In- 
dian missions from its own treasury, besides quite a respectable amount 
contributed by the Indian churches. It has forty-four missionaries and 
teachers engaged in Indian missions, and the reports for the past year, 
from its schools and general mission- work, are very favorable. The 
Southern Presbyterian Church has some very successful schools and 
missions in addition to those reported by the Presbyterian board. 

The American Missionary Association (Congregational) reports an- 
appropriation of $5,000 to Indian missions the past year, about $3,000 
of which was expended. It has quite a number of missions and mission- 
aries supported from its treasury, and many Christian men and women 
sent out as Government employes. Its reports are encouraging, and 
several new missions are being established, or are under consideration. 

The Friends (Northern Superintendency) represent six yearly meet- 
ings. The prominent men connected with the Society have given much 
attention to Indian affairs, and, at their own expense, have visited all 
the agencies under their care, and given a supervision to the work which 
Government employes could not do. The result of this personal visita- 
tion can hardly be overestimated. During the year they have expended 
from their own treasury $7,500, and the contributions of clothing, books, 
&c, would make a considerable addition. 

The Friends (Central Superintendency) report the expenditure of 
$10,000. They exercise the same personal supervision of the agencies 
assigned them, and, in addition, employ an efficient agent, who gives all 
his time to a general supervision of their Indian work. The mission- 
aries and teachers employed are thoroughly in earnest in the work, and 
the reports of schools and civilization are complete, and show a degree 
of progress that is very satisfactory and encouraging. 

The Methodist Church reports $5,000 expended, besides further ex- 
penditures by conferences not reported to the general office. There 
have also been large contributions of books, for the erection of chapels, 
and for other purposes not included in the above sum. It has about 
twenty missionaries, and thirty native preachers. Some of the most 
successful Indian missions belong to this Church. 

The Baptist Church, North, reports seven missionaries supported by 
them. The Baptist Church, South, has also a number of missionaries. 
The joint expenditure for the past year amounts to about $5,000. 

We have received no reports from the Catholic, Eeformed Dutch, 
Christian, Lutheran, or Unitarian Church societies, but most of them 
are engaged actively in mission work for Indians, as will be seen from 
the agency reports. 

AMERICAN MISSIONARY SOCIETY. 

S'Kol'omish agency. — There is one mission on this reservation, in 
charge of Kev. Cashing Eels, a Congregational clergyman. About one- 
third of the Indians on the reservation attend church services, and have 
exhibited a special interest in religion during the past year. There is 
also a Sunday-school, with an average attendance of about sixty. There 
is a boarding-school, in which the children learn as fast as white children 
of the same age. Nearly all the Indians wear citizens' dress and live in 



5 



bouses, and all have learned to labor. About twenty of them have farms, 
upon which they work, and the number of those evincing a disposition 
to farm is increasing. They are gradually improving, but whisky and 
immoral white men still exercise an evil influence over them, and impede 
their progress toward Christianity and civilization. 

Green Bay agency. — There are two missions at this agency under the 
Protestant Episcopal and Methodist Episcopal Churches, and four mis- 
sionaries, viz, Revs. E. A. Goodnough, S. W. Ford, J. W. Stryker, and 
Jeremiah Slingerland; and the reports of the advance of the gospel are 
encouraging. Eev. E. A. Goodnough says : " The first church here was 
a log church, which the Indians built entirely with their own labor. The 
present church was built entirely with their own funds, proceeds of the 
sale to the United States of their claim to the forty-mile square tract, 
in a part of which their reservation is located. They have, since I have 
been with them, paid one-half toward the cost of building on a chancel 
and vestry-room, and also one-half of the cost of repainting the church 
twice. They have always paid a part of the missionary's salary, and 
they now propose to assume the whole burden of paying their minister 
themselves." 

There are five schools, which are under the care of the missionaries. 
They are well attended, and the children are reported as making very 
good progress. The Indians of this agency are making considerable im- 
provement in habits of labor in tilling land, and domestic affairs. They 
are fast giving up their hunting and trapping, &c, for farming, cutting 
timber, and logging. Many of them have good farms. The school and 
religious work is carried on for the most part by Methodist and Episco- 
pal societies. Eev. J. W. Stryker and wife, under appointment of this 
association, have been for some months missionaries at Keshena, among 
the Menomonees. 

A Christian farmer and his wife have just been sent to this agency. 
All wear citizens' dress, and nearly all have learned to labor and live 
in houses. 

La Fointe agency. — There are two missions at this agency, under the 
Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions and Catholic Church, and the 
missionaries are Eev. J. P. Williamson, Presbyterian, and Eev. G. Ter- 
horst, Catholic. The Presbyterian mission is being successfully con- 
ducted. " Eeligious services and visiting the families of the Indians 
were unavoidably restricted by the want of acquaintance as yet with the 
language by the missionaries, who had to depend on such interpreting 
as could be obtained ; but the meetings for worship were marked with 
growing interest. 

" The school is steadily kept up, with a good degree of efficiency, and 
also of encouragement. The boarding-scholars, on March 31, were 13 
boys and 10 girls 5 and the day-scholars, 32 boys and 24 girls. The 
average attendance of day-scholars for the preceding quarter was over 
one-third of the number on the roll. The daily studies of all were for 
the most part in the rudiments, and careful attention was given to their 
religious instruction. The boys of the boarding-school were occupied 
with out-of-door work to some extent, and the girls with in-door work, 
giving them useful training for after life, and proving beneficial to their 
health." 

The Catholic mission is also being vigorously conducted, and gratify- 
ing results are reported. 

It is believed that now nearly all the employes are Christians, and 
are heartily seconding and forwarding the missionary work. About one- 
half of the Chippewas have learned to labor,, nearly all wear citizens' 



6 



dress, and about one half of two bands — the Red Cliff and Bad River — 
live in houses. There has been a marked improvement in their condi- 
tion during the past four years. 

Chippewa agency, Minnesota. — The Indians in this agency number 
4,637. The Chippewas at MilLe Lac, Snake River, and White Oak Point 
are in the same deplorable condition as reported last year. The Otter 
Tails, 350 in number, are pleading for a home upon this reservation. 
Seventy- five of the Mississippies at Gull Lake, including the family of 
Hole-in-the Day, have removed to White Earth. At Leech Lake a small 
school of 25 pupils has been maintained. At White Earth there has 
been much improvement. A hospital has been erected through the 
liberality of a lady at the East, which will be in charge of the Govern- 
ment physician and two ladies supported by the Episcopal board of 
missions. The manual-labor school has had an average attendance of 
40 pupils. Besides this, there have been two day-schools for small 
children and a night-school. An industrial hall, 40 x 25 feet, has been 
erected, in which Indian women are taught basket-making and the 
weaving of cloth and rush matting. A flour-mill has been put up in 
connection with the saw-mill and driven by the same engine. The 
crops, after two years of failure on account of grasshoppers, have been 
very abundant, consisting of 2,000 bushels of wheat, 6,000 bushels oats, 
500 bushels corn, 10,000 bushels potatoes, 13,000 bushels turnips, besides 
quantities of onions, beets, and garden vegetables. One hundred gar- 
dens have been cultivated by the 700 Indians on the reservation. Eight 
hundred tons of hay were stacked. There are now on the reservation 
500 head of cattle and 40 horses. Forty houses have been built, making 
over 200 comfortable homes on the reservation. The church on the 
reservation is under the care of the Episcopal board of missions. It has 
a native pastor and an English rector. Fifty members have been added 
during the year. 

Fort Berthold agency. — This agency has been recently transferred 
from the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions to the 
American Missionary Association. There is no mission and no school. 
There is no improvement reported by the agent. Rev. George Whip- 
ple says of this agency : "Although this agency was transferred to the 
association some months since, owing to various hinderances not neces- 
sary to detail it has but recently come under our control. Consequently 
no missionary work has yet been attempted, other than that of in- 
troducing Christian laborers into various departments of the agency. 
Some changes in this regard have already been made, and more will 
have to follow before the whole work is brought under Christian influ- 
ence. The school was to commence the first of December, and the teach- 
ing force will be enlarged as necessity seems to demand. The associa- 
tion is studying the situation with all the light it can receive, and will 
introduce direct missionary labor as soon as circumstances warrant. 
The situation of these Indians is such, however, that the agent strongly 
recommends their removal. The reasons are twofold: 1st. Their land 
does not seem favorable for agricultural industries. 2d. They are so in 
the vicinity of their avowed enemies as greatly to embarrass the opera- 
tions of the agency." 

Sisseton agency. — There are four missions on the Lake Traverse 
reservation, and six churches, all conducted by Presbyterian clergymen, 
under the auspices of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign 
Missions. The missionaries are Revs. S. R. Riggs, Thomas S. William- 
son, and Pastors John B. Renville, Daniel Renville, Solomon Toonkon- 
schaecheye, and Louis Mazawakinyanna ; licentiates, David Greycloud 
and Thomas Goodgood. The missions are all in a prosperous condi- 



7 



tion, and there have been marked indications of special interest in relig- 
ions matters displayed by the Indians during the past four years. The 
church-services are well attended, and eight Sunday-schools have an 
average attendance of from twenty to fifty. 

There are four schools from which, through some unexplained omission, 
no reports have been received. Nearly all the Sisseton and Wahpeton 
Indians have houses and farms, having taken advantage of their treaty 
stipulations and located each on 160 acres of land ; and they are becom- 
ing good practical farmers. Nine-tenths wear citizens' dress. Within 
the past two years they have made commendable progress toward 
Ohristianization and civilization ; but Gabriel Renville, the present 
head-chief, is a polygamist, and generally opposed to the missionary 
work among his people, and his influence is very baneful. He is un- 
fortunately recognized by the Government. Generally speaking, how- 
ever, the prospects of these Indians are such as to give the greatest 
encouragement to their friends. 

BAPTIST HOME MISSIONARY SOCIETY. 

Cherokee agency. — There are numerous missions in the Cherokee Na- 
tion, under the auspices of the Methodists, Baptists, and Moravians. 

The Moravian missionaries are Rev. E. J. Mack and Rev. T. M. Rights. 

The Methodist mission work is conducted on the itinerant system, and 
is under the care of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. The 
missionaries are Rev. N. Ewing, W. B. Lyda, T. K. B. McSpadden, S. 
S. Miller, and William Devick, who are whites,. and Rope Cannon, Little 
Bird, Isaac Saunders, John Sevier, Ketchum, and Flute, who are natives. 

The Baptist and Presbyterian missionaries are not reported. 

The progress made by the missions is very encouraging, and is marked 
by increased and faithful attendance on religious services. There are 
about twenty Sunday-schools of all denominations, which have about 
fifty teachers, and au average attendance each of about twenty-five. 

There are sixty neighborhood schools in the Cherokee Nation, sup- 
ported by the interest of the money invested in Government securities, 
the amount being appropriated for each year at the annual session of 
the Cherokee legislature. 

There is also a female school at Park Hill, which is maintained by the 
Moravian Missionary Board and a Cherokee orphan asylum, which is 
supported from the Cherokee orphan fund. It is now attended by 
about ninety children, nearly equally divided between the two sexes. 
Rev. W. A. Duncan, a native, is the superintendent. 

There are forty-eight native teachers and twelve whites in the sixty 
neighborhood day-schools. The progress of the pupils is satisfactory. 

The Cherokee people are very successful farmers and stock-raisers ; 
and, having now partially recovered from the devastating effects of the 
late war, are rapidly becoming wealthy. No more intelligent applica- 
tion of funds can be pointed to than that which is made by this people in 
the interests of law, education, civilization, and progress; and each year 
gives evidence of increased and strenuous efforts on their part to excel 
in all that goes to make the foundation of a lasting prosperity, while at 
the same time bringing forth the results of these efforts far exceeding 
the most sanguine expectations of all. 

Creek agency. — The Creeks have several missions established among 
them, under the care of the Methodist Episcopal and Baptist Churches, 
South, and Presbyterian Church, North. The names of the missionaries 
of the two former churches are not reported. 



8 



The missionaries of the Presbyterian Church, North, are Rev. W. S. 
Eobertson and S. M. Perryman. The church-membership is quite large, 
and the average attendance on religious services very good. There are 
about thirty Sunday-schools, which are fairly attended. 

There are thirty-one neighborhood* day-schools and two boarding- 
schools, supported by the Creeks from school-funds appropriated by them 
from the interest of their funds in United States investments, which 
amounts to $23,758.40, which, with $1,000 paid by the Government, is 
paid annually for school purposes. 

The Asbury Mission boarding-school is in charge of the Methodist 
Episcopal Church South, and the Tallahassee Mission boarding-school in 
that of the Presbyterian Church, North; the Creeks making an annual 
appropriation of $5,600 each for their support. 

The neighborhood day-schools are under the management of the super- 
intendent of public instruction, who is a member of the Creek Nation, 
and holds Ms office under Creek laws. The pupils make satisfactory 
progress, and are reported as showing a special aptness for mathematics. 

All the Creeks wear citizens' dress ; all are farmers and live in houses, 
and some are becoming very wealthy. They have cultivated a much 
larger area this year than last year. In one neighborhood alone more 
than 200 acres of new land have been broken, and newly-patented agricul- 
tural-implements are being largely introduced. Cotton lias been planted 
in small quantities as a test, and has produced about one bale to the acre. 

Walker River and Pyramid Lake. — There has been no mission estab- 
lished at this agency, and there is no school. The Indians have im- 
proved in their habits, and are becoming more industrious, but their 
advancement without aid of any kind must of necessity be slow, as they 
are very poor and their present reservation is not capable of sustaining 
the number of Indians on it. 

Pai-Ute (Southeast Nevada) agency. — This agency has no mission estab- 
lished. The school having had but a shore session, has not yet accom- 
plished much. About three-fourths of the Indians wear citizens' dress, 
and about one-half have learned to labor. None live in houses. They 
evince a great desire for education and willingness to farm. 

CATHOLIC. 

Tulalip agency. — The missions at this agency, as well as the school, are 
under the care of Catholic missionaries. The missionaries are Rev. E. 
C. Chirouse and Rev. P. Richard ; they are assisted by E. B. Maestay 
and H. de Yrils. The children in the schools make fair progress and 
are well cared for. 

Umatilla agency. — There is one mission at this agency, Rev. G. M. Ver- 
meesch, Catholic missionary, in charge. There has been a great improve- 
ment in the condition of the Umatilla Indians during the past two years, 
owing to the fact that the agent has strictly enforced the United States 
laws against the liquor-traffic. The Indians have in consequence be- 
come more industrious and amenable to religious instructions. Portions 
of the tribe that belong to this reservation are scattered along the Co- 
lumbia River, and show no disposition to leave their wandering habits, 
alleging that they were not parties to any treaty. 

The attendance at the day-school is still small, but such pupils as 
attend regularly are making satisfactory progress. The presence of 

* Neighborhood is a locality which furnishes a minirnium of twenty pupils. 



9 



Drummer Indians on the Columbia River and the constant intercourse 
with the whites, some of whom sell them liquor, still retard the progress 
of the Indians on this reservation toward civilization, only about one- 
third having adopted citizens' dress ; nearly all, however, have learned 
to labor, and sixteen families have houses. 

Papago agency. — There is one mission at this agency, in charge of the 
Catholic bishop, Right Rev. J. 13. Salpoint. About one-fifth of the 
Indians are church-members. All wear citizens' dress, and have learned 
to labor, and a few live in houses. The agent reports that their num- 
bers are increasing. The women of the tribe are highly virtuous, and 
will only marry or live with the men of the Papago tribe. 

There is only one school, which is not sufficient to supply the neces- 
sities of the people. If more schools were established, and a permanent 
reservation set apart upon which separate allotments could be made 
for each family, they would soon become independent. 

Flathead agency. — There are two Catholic missions on the Flathead 
reservation, one on the Pend d'Oreille reservation, and one in the 
Bitter Root Valley ; Revs. F. L. Palladino, Joseph Bandini, J. D'Aste, 
and A. Ravalli are the missionaries. The Indians are reported as being 
regular attendants on church-services. There is one boarding-school 
and one day- school, in both of which the pupils make satisfactory pro- 
gress in the elementary English branches, but the pupils in the board- 
ing-school improve more rapidly than those in the day-school. 
The boys are taught farming, gardening, &c, and the girls house 
and needle work, in addition to the regular school studies. Many of 
the Flatheads are civilized, and have become skillful farmers, but they 
are at present in an unsettled condition, owing to their movement from 
the Bitter Root Valley. Houses are now being built for them and new 
farms surveyed, which, it is hoped, with some assistance from the Gov- 
ernment, will enable them to become entirely self-supporting. 

Grand River agency. — There is no mission at this agency, and no 
school. ISTo effort is being made toward civilizing or christianizing the 
Indians. 

DeviVs Lalce agency. — There is one Catholic mission at this agency : 
Rev. J. B. Genet is the missionary. There has been no church-building- 
up to the present time and no school. A manual-labor boarding-school 
is in course of erection. This agency has been established but two 
years, and during that time a very great improvement has taken place ; 
many of the Indians are now desirous of earning their own living, and 
are very anxious to have a school for the education of their young. 
About 100 men wear citizens' dress, 75 labor, and about 75 families 
live in houses. A good many of them have commenced farming opera- 
tions, and the number of farmers is increasing largely. They are still, 
however, very much influenced by their medicine-men, who are violently 
opposed to their adoption of civilized modes of life ; and they are con- 
sequently not making as good progress as is possible under more favor- 
able circumstances. 

Grand Eonde agency. — There is one mission at this agency, under 
the charge of a Cathoiic missionary, Rev. A. J. Croquet. The Indians 
are very attentive to religious duties, and regular marriages according 
to Christian rites are becoming common. There is one boarding and 
day school, which has a rather small attendance of pupils. The pro- 
gress of those who attend in acquiring the rudimentary branches of an 
English education is satisfactory. 

During the past year lands have been allotted to the Indians of this 
agency in severalty, and many of them have put up houses which will 



10 



compare favorably with those of the surrounding whites. About 200 
Indians have farms, and there are about 300 Indian men who work on 
these farms. They now show a higher appreciation of efforts to assist 
them ; evince more desire to educate their children ; they have aban- 
doned most of their Indian practices, and evince an earnest disposition 
to improve. They are increasing in population. 

Colville agency. — There is one mission at this agency, at which 
there are three missionaries, viz : Eevs. E. F. Tose, E. J. T. Vangina, 
and E. F. G. Guidi. The attendance of the Indians on church-service is 
very good, and there are Sunday-schools in every camp, which are at- 
tended by adults and children. There are two schools, which have a 
fair average attendance of equal numbers of each sex, and the pupils 
are reported as making fair progress. 

Nearly all the Indians wear citizens' dress, more than half live in 
houses, and a great many have learned to labor. They have made a 
remarkable improvement in their farming operations, and are daily ad- 
vancing toward a better civilization. They are much demoralized, 
however, by a too free indulgence in intoxicating liquor, which is smug- 
gled in among them with much ease, by the public concubinage of 
white men with Indian women, and by polygamy. 

CHRISTIAN MISSIONARY CONVENTION. 

Pueblo agency. — The Pueblos have not been making any improve- 
ment during the past year. The efforts to establish schools among them 
have, as yet, been unsuccessful. They are semi- civilized and self-sup- 
porting. 

JSTeah Bay agency. — Since the last annual report a mission has been 
established at this agency, and religious services are now being held, 
but owing to the inability of the missionary to speak the native lan- 
guage, his efforts have not, as yet, been productive of much good. Eev. 
E. O. Hodges is the missionary. There is one boarding and day school 
which has a very small number of pupils, owing in part to the fact that 
the amount appropriated for school purposes is not sufficient to sup- 
port an increased number; and partly because there is a disinclination 
on the part of the children to attend. These Indians have not made any 
very marked progress toward civilization ; but the obstacles which have 
heretofore obstructed them are being removed, and it is hoped that as 
all the Indians of this agency are now gathered on their reservation, 
which was recently enlarged by an Executive order of the President, 
they will make steady advancement in the white man's way. 

SOCIETY OF FRIENDS— NORTHERN SUPERINTENDENCY. 

Great Nemaha agency. — The lowas, and Sacs and Foxes of the Missouri , 
are located on this reservation, none living elsewhere. They are all 
laboring for themselves, and nearlv all wear citizens' dress. They are 
reported as increasing in numbers and much improved in general condi- 
tion within the last four years. The lowas are extending their 
agriculture, and progressing well in the ai ts of civilized life. They were, 
four years ago, an idle people, and many of them addicted to intemper- 
ance ; now they are industrious and generally temperate, and manifest 
much interest in the education of their children. They have a good 
school, and an " orphans' industrial home, " which has proved to bej 
valuable institution. 



11 



The tribe numbers 114 males and 107 females ; total, 221; an increase 
of four during the year. 

Sacs and Foxes of Missouri. — [n the report of the Executive Committee 
of Friends of last year, it was stated that this small tribe had requested 
to be removed to. the Indian Territory, and that arrangements for that 
purpose were in progress. It uow appears that the chiefs who visited 
the Osage reservation in the Indian Territory failed to purchase from 
the Usages the land they desired, and they will probably remain in Ne- 
braska." The} r number 95, being an increase of seven since last year. 
They have made but little improvement, and have no school ; not hav- 
ing been willing to appropriate any part of their tribal funds tor that 
purpose. They "are entitled by treaty stipulation to $1,000 for building 
a school-house, and $200 per annum for other educational purposes, 
and application has been made to the Government for the fulfillment of 
this obligation. The sale of liquor to them by white men appears to be 
the only bar to their progress in material wealth and civilization. 

Omaha agency. — The Omaha Indians are a well-disposed, peaceable peo- 
ple, bearing a good character among their white neighbors. Drunkenness 
and profanity are rarely found among them. They have received allot- 
ments of laud in severalty, and manifest an interest in their improvement ; 
but a deficiency of funds to build houses and fence their farms has retarded 
their progress. There are three schools in operation for the children 
of this tribe, with encouraging results; but no industrial school has 
been established for want of sufficient funds. 

The Omaha tribe consists of 486 males and 515 females ; total, 1,001 ; 
being an increase of 32 in the year. 

Winnebago agency. — The Winnebagoes, all of whom live on this reserva- 
tion, nearly all live in houses and wear citizens' dress. During the last 
year the Winnebagoes have tilled more ground than ever before, have 
cultivated it skillfully and well, and reaped a bountiful harvest. Some 
three or four hundred Winnebago men assisted white farmers in gather- 
ing their last grain harvest, and gave full satisfaction to those who em- 
ployed them. The families of this tribe are settled on farms, for which 
they have titles securing to them and their heirs their several allotments, 
without the power of sale or transfer to any except members of their own 
tribe or to the United States. Neat and comfortable cottages have been 
built for them, and paid for out of the tribal funds held in trust by the 
United States Government. Wagons, harness, and agricultural imple- 
ments have been supplied, and there has been a marked improvement in 
their condition and habits within the last three years. All the men have 
adopted the dress of citizens, three good day-schools are in successful 
operation, and a building for an industrial school, calculated for eighty 
scholars, forty of each sex, has been erected. 

The Winnebagoes settled on this reservation consist of 740 males 
and 782 females ; total, 1,522, being an increase of 82 in the year 

Paivnee agency. — The Pawnees have as yet made but little progress in 
the more peaceful modes of living. They are in constant danger of incur- 
sions from the Sioux, who are their hereditary enemies, and are com- 
pelled to live in villages and close together for mutual protection. This 
fact interferes with their progress as farmers, and prevents stock-raising, 
and compels them to rely upon the chase for a supply of the necessities 
of life. Their condition is improving; nearly one- fourth of the men 
have learned to use agricultural implements, and evince an interest 
in farming operations. 

The Pawnees number 1,032 males and 1,344 females; total, 2,376, 



12 



showing a decrease of 71, which may be accounted for by the massacre 
of the Sioux. 

JSantee agency. — In Superintendent White's report he says : " The 
Santees have been quietly giving their attention to industrial pursuits. 
They are yearly becoming more self-reliant and self-supporting." 6; The 
Commissioner of Indian Affairs has supplied this agency wdth superior 
horses and cattle,for the improvement of Indian stock, and has promised 
to give one pair of work-oxen to each head of the family who would 
properly secure four tons of hay." Accordingly a very large quantity 
of good hay was cut and stacked. A building has been erected by the 
Government, with the funds of the tribe, for an industrial school, which 
is now nearly ready to go into operation. 

There are two mission-stations at this agency, one of them conducted 
and supported by the Episcopal Church, and the other by the American 
board ; each of w r hich has a school for the education of Indian children. 
The tribe is advancing in civilization. Most of the families live in 
comfortable log-houses, on allotments of land which they cultivate. 
Some of them are learning the mechanic arts, and nearly all of them 
have adopted the costume of civilized people. 

The tribe numbers 917, showing a decrease of IS within one year, 
which is attributed to the small-pox. 

Otoe agency. — The Otoes and Missourias live on this reservation, they 
all wear citizen dress part of the year, and some during the whole year. 
They are not improving very rapidly in condition. They farm in small 
patches, and raised last year, corn, beans, potatoes, pumpkins, and 
melons. The annuity of this tribe is small, and their progress in civiliza- 
tion has been retarded for want of funds to build houses and supply them 
with live-stock and farming implements. They have a day-school 
which has been successfully conducted, and a Sabbath-school which 
has proved to be of great value. We consider an industrial school indis- 
pensable to the civilization of the tribe. 

The tribe consists of 218 males and 229 females ; total, 447 ; a de- 
crease of 17 during the past year. 

SOCIETY OF FRIENDS — CENTRAL SUPERINTENDENT. 

Dr. Nicholson, the agent of the Friends at this superintendency, pre- 
sents the following report : 

Kaws or Kansas Indians. — 279 males, 254 females, total 533. 1 school • 
29 male pupils, 9 female, total 38. School suspended on last of Fifth 
month, 1873, on account of removal of tribe to the Indian Territory 
$300 contributed by Friends to school ; 175 tons of hay cut ; 344 horses 
valued at $8,600 ; 11 cattle, valued at $520 ; 28 hogs, valued at $56 
No crops were cultivated, owing to the removal of the Indians in mid- 
summer. They left their reservation on 4th of Sixthmonth, and reached 
their new home on 21st of same. Since the removal a Scripture-school 
has been kept up regularly out of doors; the half-breeds come and are 
interested ; the full bloods do not come, principally for want of suitable 
clothing. The agent is importuned by both parents and children to re- 
open a school, but there is as yet no suitable building, though one is in 
prospect, to be finished Thirdmonth 1st. A day-school will be started 
within a few weeks, to which only the half-breeds will come. 

Kickapoos. — Males 135, females 139, total 274; 62 children of suit 
age for school. Two churches regularly kept up with a membership of 
133. The ministers are Indians, (Presbyterian and Methodist.) 16 less 
population than last year; 12 having become citizens, and there having 



13 



been an unusual fatality among children early in the year, are the causes 
of this decrease. 

Kichapoo mission, farm. — 14 -J acres cultivated; 400 bushels corn, 200 
bushels potatoes, 40 bushels sweet potatoes, 120 gallons molasses ; vege- 
tables of all kinds for use of school. Boys aid in farm-work, chop stove- 
wood, &c, and girls assist in house- work. 

Kichapoo school. — 4G children enrolled ; 18 males, 28 females; 22 aver- 
age ; 6 in Fourth Eeader, 9 in Third Reader, 11 in Second Eeader, 13 in 
First Eeader; 7 recite on chart, 7 practical arithmetic, 19 mental arith- 
metic, 31 writing. All have instruction in outline maps, spelling, &c. 

Children much improved in cleanliness and decency in last six months. 
Children's clothing and dining-room furniture mostly furnished by dona- 
tions from friends. Family collected every evening for devotional pur- 
poses, Bible reading, singing hymns, &c. Bible-school, 48 enrolled; 
average, 22; 24 can read the Bible; 600 texts recited; 75 texts the 
highest number in one day. School opened by singing hymns ; lesson 
for the day read ; singing ; opportunity for prayer ; then exercises of 
instruction to suit the capacity ; object-lessons much used. None of 
the children profess religion, but several are serious and appear to 
feel the impression of the Holy Spirit, and are diligently taught to heed 
the good monitor within, and that this is the Holy Spirit; also to ob- 
serve the Firstday religiously, on which day they are collected twice for 
singiug, reading, worship, &c. 

Pott a u: atomies, {Prairie band.) — 234 men, 249 women; total, 483. 1 man- 
ual-labor boarding-school: 34 pupils; 20 boys, 14 girls. Number pro- 
fessing Christianity is not known, but very small ; a few Catholics and 
a few Baptists. School was opened Fourthmonth 8, 1873, with 3 schol- 
ars, and gradually iucreased to 34. The boys are taught to labor on the 
farm, and are usually very willing to work. Sometimes they will beg to 
be allowed to plow all day. They are also taught the care of stock, and 
the girls are taught the various duties of the household and the kitchen. 
They are in the school-room six hours of the day. Three have learned 
to read. All can spell more or less. Some are studying arithmetic. One 
class in geography, and one in grammar. They are exercised in Scrip- 
ture lessons daily. Bible-school every Firstday morning, at 10 o'clock. 
They are ready to learn Scriptural truth and to sing hymns, and are 
obedient and orderly. 

Wichita agency. — Caddoes, 401 ; Wichitas, 300; Wacoes, 140; Tawa- 
conies, 125; Keechies, 106; Delawares, 61; Ionies, 50; Penetethka Co- 
rn anches, 345; total, 1,528. 

The Caddoes and the Delawares have 1,386 head of cattle, and they 
and the lonies have 1,700 hogs. 

The Wichita school is about five miles from agency. Day-school, num- 
ber enrolled, 20 ; average daily attendance, 15 ; number of weeks taught, 
23. Deportment good. A number had gone over Willson's Charts to No. 
5, and could read in Willson's Primer. Three were ready to commence 
in First Eeader. All making favorable improvement in writing and 
drawing. These children have meals supplied to them at the school 
building, but lodge at their camps. The latter practice is very objec- 
tionable, but want of funds compels it. 

In the boarding-school there are 50 children in regular attend- 
ance and 70 on the roll. In cases which do sometimes occur of 
children going to their homes without permission, it generally hap- 
pens that they are placed on horseback by their parents or care-takers, 
and promptly returned to school. This action has been secured only 
by continual effort on the part of those interested. The progress of 



14 



scholars in education and usefulness has been eminently satisfactory. A 
considerable portion of the work of the establishment has been per- 
formed by the scholars — as supplying wood, attending to fires and 
lamps, care of school-room and dormitories, waiting at table, and general 
household duties. The boys have also been instructed and used in 
garden-work. The intellectual education of the children has fully kept 
pace with their general instruction. 

The Kiowa school opened with 50 enrolled and an average daily at- 
tendance of 12. The average daily attendance for the year was 40. 
We taught live days each week, and six hours each day. The pro- 
gress of the children in all their studies has been good. We have 
taught spelling, reading, writing, drawing, geography, and arithmetic. 
Their progress in writing and drawing is fully equal to that in other 
studies. On each Firstday the children have been taught moral and 
Christian truths, in which they have manifested a good deal of interest. 
They have been as obedient, quiet, and courteous as a like number of 
white children. 

The agent states that the children of the school clearly understood 
what they were taught, and that he had good reason to believe that 
several of them had received full pardon for their sins, and had a living 
knowledge of the truth as it is in Jesus Christ. 

Quapaiv agency. — The following are the statistics of the agency: 



Population 

Number of schools 

Pupils 

Number of teachers 

Amount contributed by Friends. 
Number learned to read this year 

Church-members 

Acres cultivated by Indians 

Bushels of wheat, by Indians . . . 

Corn, (bushels) 

Oats, (bushels) 

Potatoes, (bushels) 

Value of other vegetables 

Hay cut by Indians, in tons 

Horses owned 

Value of horses owned 

Cattle 

Value of cattle 

Hogs owned 

Value of hogs owned 



235 
1 
45 
1 

$380 
20 



217 
1 
33 
1 



150 
1 
43 
1 

$225 
5 



231 
1 
48 
1 

$375 



206 
..... 



425 
150 
4, 000 



600 
$200 
300 
250 
$10, 000 
75 
$937 
550 
$1, 650 



1, 567 
191 
16, 370 
805 
1, 160 
$500 
500 
160 
$8, 000 
251 
$3, 765 
640 
$2, 560 



842 
353 
13, 692 
500 
1, 000 
$350 
250 
61 

$3, 050 
123 

$1, 845 
613 

$2, 452 



435 
150 
10, 780 
480 
300 
$200 
250 
71 

$2, 840 
80 

$1,000 
400 
$1, 200 



541 
535 

10, 300 
500 
300 
$300 
300 
150 

$7, 500 
250 

$3, 125 
700 

$2, 800 



683 
755 
9, 630 
965 
700 
$575 
250 
189 

$9, 450 
218 

$2, 725 
718 

$2, 872 



85 



250 



50 
$100 
25 
10 
$350 



1,219 
4 
203 
4 

$980 
74 
50 
4, 506 
2, 134 
65, 022 
3, 250 
4,110 
$2, 225 
1,875 
839 
$41, 190 
997 
$13, 397 
3, 621 
$13, 524 



Modocs. — The remnant of Captain Jack's band of Modocs has recently 
been transported to this agency from Oregon. They seem to be very 
tractable and well disciplined. The men entered at once upon the erec- 
tion of barracks for winter quarters. They are temporarily located on the 
lands of the Eastern Shawnees. No provision has yet been made for a 
permanent home for them, nor for their subsistence. Some of their 
children have been placed in school. 

Great and Little Osages. — Agent Gibson makes the following report : 
The enrollment in spring of 1873 was 2,823, but the agent believes the 
true number to be about 3,500. Number of acres planted, 2,190. 



15 



The agency is near the center of the reservation, and each division 
is in charge of an efficient farmer and assistants, who reside at a sta- 
tion most central and convenient for the Indians in his care, where are 
kept oxen, plows, wagons, and other farming implements for general 
use in that division. The agent visits each station as often as practica- 
ble to see how the work is progressing, and advises with farmer and 
chiefs as to their necessities and future operations. This method has 
worked admirably, bringing all the Indians to some extent under the 
influence of the agent. Fifty-eight Blanket Indians, instead of going on 
the spring hunt, went to work, the agent paying them $2.50 per hundred 
for rails split and laid into a solid staked and ridered fence, and also 
having the land thus inclosed broken for them to plant. About 81,000 
rails were thus put into fence, and each of these families now has a spot 
of ground which they can call home, and have commenced a settled life. 
Many others, upon their return from their hunt, selected locations, and 
desired land to be broken for them, which was done to the extent of 
the means at the agent's command. About 1,100 acres have been 
broken since last spring. Of the 530 families 209 have plowed land, 
varying in quantity from 1 to 80 acres. The farm products of the 
tribe greatly exceed those of any previous year. Some of them are 
quite seriously inclining to exchange a part of their ponies (amounting 
to 12,000) for cattle. 

A young half-breed is studying medicine, and renders good service 
as assistant and interpreter to the physician. Two workmen in the 
blacksmith-shop, one or more wheelwrights, and the gunsmith, are all 
Osage Indians. All the labor at the saw-mill, (which has been running 
since Thirdmonth,) except services of engineer and sawyer, has been 
performed by Blanket Osages. Bible-schools, evening schools for spell- 
ing, and meetings for worship, have been carefully fostered ; they are 
attended by most of the white employes, and a few of the Indians. 
Moral tone at the agency will compare favorably with the most refined 
neighborhoods in the States. Every employe is expected to perform 
missionary work. Among them are found ministers, elders, deacons, and 
active lay members of various religious denominations. Thirty-three 
Osage children attend the Osage Catholic mission in Kansas. 

Cheyennes and Arapahoes. — These are roving Indians, and number 
3,550. A good boarding-school has been in operation for such of them 
as will leave their children. The number of pupils has averaged about 
25. 

Sacs and Foxes of Mississipin. — These number 425, and have had a 
small school, but at the commencement of this year their new building 
was ready, and the school will doubtless soon be well filled. 

Absentee Shawnees. — These number 700, and have had a school of about 
20. It would be much larger but for the small size of the buildings. 
These Indians lost everything during the rebellion, but are entirely 
self-supporting, but very much need aid in their educational efforts. 

METHODIST BOARD OF MISSIONS. 

Hoopa Valley agency. — There is no mission on this reservation, but 
religious services are held at the agency each Sabbath, which are at- 
tended by about twenty-five to thirty Indians. There is a Sunday- 
school also, which is attended by about twenty-five to thirty Indians. 
There is also a day-school, which is very irregularly attended, owing to 
the long distances which separate the homes of some of the children 
from the school-house, and the fact that some of them are compelled to 



16 



cross the river running through the reserve. Lack of clothing has also 
kept many of them away during a great part of the year. .All who can 
obtain them wear citizens' clothes. All have learned to labor, and all 
live in houses. Some of the latter are very poor. They are improving 
somewhat, and want of employment is, in a great measure, the cause of 
their poverty. 

Round Valley agency. — There is no mission at this agency. There is 
one day-school. Nearly all of the Indians wear citizens' dress; about 
three-fourths have learned to labor, and nearly one-third live in houses. 
There has been a marked improvement in their condition during the 
past year. Many of the Indians belonging to this reservation are still 
in the adjacent mountains and valleys, and some are persuaded to re- 
main away by mercenary whites, who retain them in service in semi- 
slavery, and have also the desire to break up the reservation, with a 
view of jumping the land. 

Title River agency. — There is no mission at this agency, but there are 
religious services held on the Sabbath, which are attended by the Indi- 
ans quite regularly. Many of them are interested and attentive and 
give hopeful promise of Christian and spiritual advancement. There is 
one day-school which is fairly attended, and the children who can attend 
make rapid progress. All the Indians wear citizens' dress, labor, and 
live in houses. They have, during the past four years, advanced in ac- 
quiring knowledge of all kinds of labor, in their way of farming, mode 
of living, dress, cleanliness, and chastity ; but they have not made any 
permanent acquisitions of property, real or personal, because they are 
living on a rented farm, from which they are in daily expectation of 
being moved, and they have no interest in improving the land. Many 
of them are prepared, however, to take upon them the responsibilities 
of citizenship. 

A new reservation has been located for them on public lands, which, 
it is hoped, they will soon occupy. 

The Mission Indians. — There are about four thousand Indians of the 
Coahuilla, Diegena, and San Luis Bey tribes in Southern California, 
who have no reservation. The more civilized do not wish for a reserva- 
tion, but desire to pre-empt on homestead lands for themselves. Not 
being citizens, they cannot do this. The adults perform a great share 
of the labor of the vicinity in which they live. Some of them are good 
mechanics. The pruning of vineyards, herding cattle, shearing and herd- 
ing sheep are mainly performed by Indians, who supply the best, cheap- 
est, and most reliable labor. They are very strongly attached to the 
country in which they live. 

Yakama agency. — There is a mission at this agency connected with 
the Methodist Episcopal Church, of which Rev. James H. Wilbur, George 
Waters, and Thomas Pearne are the missionaries. There are two church- 
buildings, iu each of which two services are held every Sabbath. There 
are 400 Indian church-members, of whom, during the past four years, 
more than 200 have professed religion. There is one boarding-school, 
in which the children are making very good progress, some of the speci- 
mens of the writing of the Indian children being very beautiful. In 
addition to reading, writing, spelling, arithmetic, geography, and vocal 
music, the girls are taught needle-work and housekeeping and the boys 
agriculture. The pupiis of the school contributed largely to its support 
during the past year by their labor. If means were provided for in- 
creased school accommodations a much larger number of children could 
be educated, want of such accommodation being in a great measure the 



17 



only reason why the greater portion of the children of the tribe are not 
receiving education. 

The Indians are rapidly progressing toward civilization. They live 
in comfortable houses and will compare favorably w ith the surrounding 
white population. 

Quinaielt agency. — There is no mission at this agency, but church ser- 
vices are held, with a small attendance of Indians; but, as yet, little 
religious advancement has been made and but little interest is evinced 
by them in religious matters. There is one boarding-school, which has 
a small number of pupils. Those who attend are making very good pro- 
gress in reading, writing, and spelling. 

About one-half wear citizens' dress; about one-fourth have learned to 
labor, and a few live in houses at the agency. They have advanced in 
a marked manner during the past four years. 

Warm Springs agency. — There is no regular mission at this agency, 
but the agent and employes hold religious services every Sabbath, 
which have a large regular attendance of Indians, who evince true 
piety. There is one day-school, which is well attended by the Indian 
children, who are learning elementary English studies very fast. Many 
of the children are too far away to attend the school. A Sunday-school 
is held every Sabbath to which all who attend the other services usu- 
ally go. Nearly all the Indians wear citizens' dress and have learned to 
labor, and about two-thirds live in houses. 

The improvement in the condition of this people during the past four 
years has been remarkable. From the most degraded condition they 
have risen so as to compare with any community of whites. During 
the Modoc war twenty-three Warm Springs Indians served as scouts, 
rendering valuable services to the Government. Two were killed and 
one disabled. During the vicissitudes of the campaign they never for- 
got their duty as Christians, and at the close of the war they returned 
home to work on their farms as quietly as if they had never heard of 
war. 

Siletz agency. — The mission at this agency has only been established 
a short time, and as yet no report of results has been made. Eev. W. 
C. Chattin is the missionary. There are two day-schools, which are 
fairly attended. An appropriation for a manual-labor school has been 
made. When this is built and in working order the very best results 
are anticipated from it. The report from this agency is not full, owing 
to the fact that the present agent has been only recently appointed, and 
his predecessor took away with him all the agency records. 

Klamath agency. — There is no regular mission at this agency, but a 
native preacher from Yakama has visited and preached on the reserva- 
tion. There has been no school up to the present time; but the agent 
has built a school-house and a boarding-house in connection with it for 
the pupils, which he hoped to occupy at once. Nearly all the Indians 
wear citizens' dress, and about one-half have learned to labor and live 
in houses. During the past four years they have made steady and 
satisfactory advancement toward civilization. 

Alsea agency. — There is neither mission nor school at this agency, and 
until recently no agent. The Methodist board of missions has, however, 
now nominated an agent. All the Indians wear citizens' dress and live 
in houses, such as their poverty will allow them to have. A fair pro- 
portion have learned to labor, and some of them work for the neighbor- 
ing whites. 

Blackfeet agency. — Xo mission has been established at this agency. A 
Sunday-school is held, which is attended by about 25 Indians. Very 



18 



little, however, has been accomplished toward Christianizing tbe In- 
dians. There is one day-school, pretty well attended, in which tbe ele- 
ments of English are taught. A boarding-school is being erected which, 
it is hoped, will acconrplish much good. None of the Indians have 
learned to labor, live in houses, or adopt citizens' dress. 

Croiv agency. — There is no missionary or mission-work at this agency. 
The agent conducts religious services. The school has accomplished but 
little. The destruction of the agency-buildings has interfered somewhat 
with the school and general work. When the proposed change is made 
in the location of the reservation, and new buildings are erected, it is to 
be hoped that an active effort will be made to civilize and Christianize 
these Indians, who have always been the friends of the whites. 

Milk River agency. — The condition of affairs at this agency has not 
been improved since last report. There is neither mission nor school 
or any promise of either. The Indians are all wild, and still preserve 
their nomadic habits and customs. 

Michigan agency. — This agency embraces thirteen reservations in dif- 
ferent parts of the State of Michigan, and the missions are not fully 
reported. The names of the Protestant missionaries reported are Rev. 
Peter Marksman, George N. Smith, Daniel Hall, and J. P. Williams. 
The Catholic missionaries are Rev. J. B. Weikamp and Philip S. Zorn. 
There are seven day-schools in which the elements of English are taught, 
and the pupils are reported as making satisfactory progress. About 
ninety per cent, of the Indians wear citizens' dress, and about seventy- 
five per cent, have learned to labor and live in houses. In consequence 
of having received patents for their lands in severalty they evince more 
interest than formerly in agricultural pursuits, Many of them now live 
among the whites, having become civilized, and numbers are employed 
on the rivers and lakes as sailors. 

Fort Hall agency. — There is neither mission nor school at this agency • 
The agent holds religious services every Sabbath, which a few Indians 
attend. Very little is accomplished, however, owing to the services 
being in the English language which is not understood by the Indians. 
None of the Indians have houses, or wear citizen's dress, although they 
evince a disposition to do both if they were able to provide them. 
Some three hundred have learned to labor, and about thirty-five work 
steadily for the Government for pay. They are obliged to go to the 
cammas prairies every summer for subsistence, which keeps up, in a 
measure, their old wandering habits, and retards their settlement per- 
manently on a reservation. They are of a very tractable disposition, 
and it is hoped that a mission will be established at an early date, and 
the blessings of Christianity and civilization imparted to them. 

PKES^tmUlAN BOARD OF fOKEIGN MISSIONS. 

Choctaw agency. — The Ohoetaws and Chicka&aws have a number of 
missions among them connected with the Presbyterian, Methodist, 
and Baptist churches of the North and South. The following named 
preachers and others are connected with these missions : Revs. R. J. 

Hogue, J. S. Menson, and Burns, of the Baptists ; Jesse Walker, G. 

Davis Bryce, of the Methodists; Dr. S. L. Hobbs, J. H. Colton, and W. 
L. B. Lloyd, Presbyterian, and Rev. Mr. Bell of the Cumberland Presby- 
terian. The universal testimony in regard to these Indians is, that they 
are all believers in the truth of the Christian religion. 

Before the war large mission schools and stations were numerous and 
prosperous ; since then their operations have been crippled, owing to 



19 



the poverty of the churches South, which, in a great measure, supported 
the missions, and the poverty of the people, caused by the ravages of 
war. 

These Indians generally are a very intelligent people, and desirous of be- 
coming educated. They have six academies and fifty-three neighbor- 
hood-schools, all of which are supported by the Ohoctaws and Ohicka- 
saws, at an estimated cost of $50,000 per annum, taken from the interest 
of the national investments in Government funds, and contributions 
from the missionary boards of the churches. 

The children are reported as making fair progress. There are two 
boarding-schools supported by the Ohoctaws. One, the Spencer Acad- 
emy, for boys, is under the control of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign 
Missions, and costs yearly $6,000; the other — New Hope Seminary, for 
girls — is under the control of the Methodist Board of Foreign Missions, 
and costs yearly $5,000. The neighborhood day-schools cost $2 per 
month per pupil. Besides those, there are five Ohoctaw boys and five 
girls supported in different colleges in the Eastern States at an annual 
expense of $4,354.94. 

They are also very industrious, and are becoming wealthy and prosper- 
ous. Particular attention is now being paid to the growth of cotton. 
The only hinderance to their material prosperity and advancement that 
appears to exist is the agitation on the question of opening up the Indian 
Territory, the Indians being fearful of taking separate claims lest the 
remainder might be jumped by white settlers. Altogether, however, 
the prospect is very encouraging. 

Seminole agency. — The Seminoles have one mission, under the auspices 
of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions. Be v. John Gillis is 
the missionary. The average attendance of church service is not large 
in proportion to the population. More help is needed here in the mis- 
sion-field. 

There are four schools, in which the pupils are making commendable 
progress in the elementary English branches of education. There is not 
sufficient accommodation for all the children who could be sent to 
school, and want of funds prevents the erection of more school-houses. 
They are all industrious farmers and are self-supporting. 

Abiqui agency. — No report. 

Navajo agency. — There is no improvement to report in the condition 
of the Navajoes. Although it is now twenty-five years since they were 
first conquered by the Government, there is not, as yet, a school on 
their reservation. There is a mission in charge of Eev. J. Menaul, of 
the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions, but the results so far are 
not appreciable. They still remain uncivilized. Some plant small patches 
of corn, pumpkins, &c, which they commence to consume before being 
ripe. Their principal wealth consists of sheep and goats. They value 
their sheep very highly for the wool, which they manufacture into very 
superior and beautiful blankets. 

Cimarron agency. — No report. 

Mescalero agency. — There is no mission at this agency, and no school. 
The Indians have made no progress in civilization. 

Tulerosa agency. — There is no mission at this agency, and no schools. 
Very little progress has been made in civilizing the Indians, who have 
only been about two years off the war-path. Some of the women have, 
however, learned to sew beautifully. 

Moquis Pueblo agency. — There is no mission at this agency. There is 
one school, but it is not sufficient for the wants of the people. The 
children are very intelligent, and their parents are perfectly willing to 



20 



permit them to go to school. The people remain ignorant and supersti- 
tious, and it is to be regretted that no effort has been made to intro- 
duce Christianity among them. 

Nez Perce agency. — There are two missions at this agency under the 
Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions, in addition to five mission-sta- 
tions which are attended by the missionaries, viz : Eev. H. H. Spalding 
and Eev. George Ainslie. There is also a Catholic mission, in charge of 
Rev. Father Cataldo, from which no report has been received. The 
Presbyterian mission conducted by the venerable H. H. Spalding has 
achieved great results. The revival commenced under his ministration 
in 1871 still continues, and daily additions to the church-membership 
are being made. There is one boarding-school and one day-school, 
which show a decided falling off in the average attendance this year. 
Last year the whole average attendance was reported at 72, while this 
year the number has fallen to 54. The teachers of the schools report 
the progress of the pupils who attended as being good. 

The Nez Perces are fast becoming civilized and self-supporting. About 
one-half wear citizens' dress, and nearly all labor. Many have raised 
good crops the past season for the first time. The prospects of the Nez 
Perces are now assuming a very hopeful aspect, and, with the harmonious 
action of the representatives of the Government and the missionaries, 
the Christianization and civilization of these Indians will speedily be 
placed beyond question. 

Uintah Valley agency. — No mission has been established at this 
agency, and there is no school. The agent hopes to have both a mis- 
sion and school at ah early day. The Indians have not yet given up 
their roaming habits, and but few of them farm. The number is in- 
ceasing, however. Their intercourse with lawless whites, their roving 
habits, and an idea that labor degrades the men, prevent their pro 
gress toward civilization. 

PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL INDIAN COMMISSION. 

Yankton agency. — There are two missions at this agency, under the care 
of the Protestant Episcopal and Presbyterian Churches. The missions of 
the Protestant Episcopal Church here are under the immediate supervis- 
ion of Rt. Rev. Win, H. Hare, missionary bishop of Niobrara. The mis- 
sionaries are Revs. Joseph W. Cook and Luke C. Walker, and Rev. 
John P. Williamson, of the Presbyterian Church. The missionary work 
here has been very successful. The Episcopal missions have 450 church- 
members, aud an average attendance of 300, and three Sunday-schools, 
which have an average attendance of about 250. 

The Presbyterian missionary, Rev. J. P. Williamson, reports : " The 
church at Yankton agency has increased from 51 to 64. There have 
been 10 additions by profession and 5 by letter. The religious in- 
terest has not been as marked as during the previous year, but we have 
many reasons to thank God and take courage. Proportionally the 
strength of the church has been increased much more than the mem- 
bership. 

Only about one-fourth of the Yanktons wear citizens' dress and live in 
houses, and about two-thirds have learned to labor. The schools are sup- 
ported entirely by the churches, and receive no assistance from the Gov- 
ernment. The Episcopal Church has three day-schools all the year, and 
part of the year five ; and the Presbyterians have one day-school all 
the year, and part of the year two, in which the children are taught to 
read and write, first in the Dakota language and afterward in the 



21 



English. They make rapid progress in their native (Dakota) language, 
while they advance very slowly in the attainment of the English. The 
improvement among the Yanktons is very marked; they are fast 
becoming tillers of the soil, and display a tendency to give up their wild, 
roving habits, and live in houses, many of which are being built by 
them. 

Ponca agency. — There is a mission at this agency, under the Protest- 
ant Episcopal Church. Rev. J. Owen Dorsey was, until recently, the 
missionary, but sickness compelled him to resign and no one has yet 
been appointed to succeed him. Church services are held regularly, and 
there are about 28 church-members, and an average church attendance of 
about 60. Last spring a rise in the Missouri River swept away a por- 
tion of the alluvial soil on which many of their log houses had been 
erected, and formed a channel on the former site of the agency-build- 
ings. This necessitated the removal of the village at the agency and 
the agency -buildings to a safe distance from the river, and interfered 
with the projected erection by the church of a mission-residence, an indus- 
trial school, and a hospital. There has been during the year a mission 
day-school, supported altogether by the church, at which the children 
were being taught the English language. The school is now closed, 
and it is not likely that a school will be again established until the 
destination of the Poncas, w 7 ho expect to be removed to some better 
locality, is definitely settled. 

The Poncas have improved very much under the present manage- 
ment of Indian affairs. They have built houses with windows, and 
good cottonwood floors, and have purchased clocks, arms, furniture, and 
clothing from the proceeds of their labor. They also purchase provi- 
sions from the Government store-houses at cost-price, and support 
themselves. 

Upper Missouri agency. — There are two missionaries at this agency, 
under the Protestant Episcopal Church, Revs. H. Burt and William J. 
Cleveland ; the former with the lower Yanktonnais, and the latter with 
the lower Brules. The missions have only been established a little 
over a year, among Indians who are as yet nomadic, and no results 
have been reported. There are two schools, from which no reports have 
been received. A small number of the Indians wear citizens' dress. 
Thirty-four families have houses, and about three hundred have learned 
to labor to some extent. 

Whetstone agency. — This agency has been in an unsettled condition for 
several years, and has only been in its present location for a short time. 
It is very badly situated, and it is expected that another site will be se- 
lected soon to which the Indians will be removed. Until such removal 
is effected no mission or school will be established. Some of the intelli- 
gent chiefs, especially those who have visited the East, are desirous of 
enjoying the advantages of civilization, but there is a large number of 
the worst class of whites who have treaty-rights under the treaty of 
1866, being incorporated with the Sioux by reason of having Sioux 
wives, and who constantly throw every impediment in the way of civil- 
ization. The agent has no means of enforcing the law against these 
desperadoes, and is powerless to drive them away $ and he finds every 
effort foiled without any means of redress. 

Bed Cloud agency. — This agency has only been on its present location 
since July of this year, and the agency buildings are not yet completed. 
There is neither school nor mission. 

The chiefs and head-men who have visited the East are very anxious 
to see a school for their children, and are endeavoring to induce their 



22 



people to become settled and adopt civilized ways. Red Cloud often 
dresses himself in a full citizen suit and pays visits, apparently with 
much pleasure to himself. Spotted Tail, of the Whetstone agency, is 
equally advanced in his ideas ; and both these prominent chiefs are 
using all their efforts to advance the Government policy of getting all 
the Sioux on reservations. 

Cheyenne River agency. — There are two missions at this agency, one 
under the Protestant Episcopal Church, represented by Rev. Henry- 
Swift, and the Congregational Church, represented by Rev. Thomas 
Rtggs. There are two day-schools established at the agency, supported 
by the missions, which have a very small attendance, owing to the fact 
that the Indians are scattered in small bands at various distances from 
the agency, and the children find it too far to travel. A boarding- 
school is being established, which will, so far as its means will allow, 
obviate this difficulty. A great improvement has taken place here 
within a year. A year ago not an Indian wore citizens' dress or lived 
in a house. Now about 200 families live in houses, about 50 persons 
wear citizens' dress, and about one- tenth of the whole adult popula- 
tion have learned to labor. About 300 families have small farms, in 
which about 100 Indian men work, and the number of workers is in- 
creasing, though not to so great an extent. 

Shoshone and Bannaclc agency. — No mission has yet been established 
at this agency. There is one day school, which was opened January 
20, 1873. The attendance was very small, the Indians being camped, 
some of them, a distance of several miles from the agency, and the at- 
tendance being entirely voluntary on the part of the children. They 
were also prevented from attending by fear and the excitement attend- 
ing incursions of hostile Indians into their camps. 

The Shoshones, who are the only Indians at this agency, are very 
desirous of becoming civilized, and are anxious to have farms, houses, 
and stock, and willing to work for them. If they could be assured of 
protection from hostile Indians they would make rapid progress to- 
ward civilization. During the short time which they have been resi- 
dent on the reservation the agent reports that they favor the establish- 
ment of schools, the preaching of the Gospel, and the Christian burial 
of their dead. 

REFORMED DUTCH MISSION-BOARD. 

Colorado Eire)" agency. — There is no mission at this agency. A school 
was established and continued about six months, when it was closed, 
the salary being inadequate to support the teacher. All the Indians 
labor and some of them are farmers, but they have not yet become 
settled in houses, although they build huts for the winter. They are 
becoming more industrious, and begin to understand the advantages of 
civilization. 

Pima and Maricopa agency. — There is no mission at this agency. Two 
day-schools are in operation, from which the reports are encouraging. 

The Pimas and Maricopas are all farmers, and raise large crops, but 
owing to a lack of water for irrigation they lose a large proportion of 
their produce during the warm summer months. An effort is being 
made to remove them to the Indian Territory, which is likely to be 
successful, as they are favorable to the project. A delegation 
from the tribe visited the Central Superintendency during the year 
for the purpose of ascertaining the adaptability of the Indian Ter- 



ritory to their needs, and it is hoped that some of them will remove 
from their present homes during' the ensuing year. Intemperance pre- 
vails to a great extent among them, and it is almost impossible to pre- 
vent the sale of liquor to them, being surrounded by Mexicans and 
the worst class of whites. Their civilization is much retarded by these 
unfortunate circumstances. 

Camp Grant agency. — The Indians that belong to this reservation 
have been on it only about two years. ]S T o mission nor school has yet 
been established. A few of them farm. The chiefs have each farms 
for their tribes or bauds ; about twenty Indian men work on them now ; 
formerly the squaAVS performed all the hard labor. 

Camp Verde agency. — The Indians of this agency have only been on 
the reservation a few months, and no measures have, as yet, been taken 
toward establishing either a mission or school. They are very tract- 
able, however, and, with sufficient means at the disposal of the agent 
to aid them in establishing farms, would soon become self-supporting. 

AMERICAN UNITARIAN ASSOCIATION. 

Los Pinos agency. — Xo mission has yet been established at this agency. 

Some of the Indians of this agency who live in the southern portion 
of the reservation pay attention to farming, but near the agency the 
climate and soil are so unfavorable that it is almost a loss of labor to 
attempt to cultivate the soil. There is not much improvement to report 
beyond the fact that many of the Indians show a disposition to remain 
permanently on the reservation. 

^Yhite River agency. — No mission has been established at this 
agency, and the school, which had been in operation for about six 
months, is discontinued. The Indians are reported as desirous of liv- 
ing in houses, and, with proper example and the healthy influence 
which could be exerted by an earnest missionary, they could soon be 
induced to overcome their natural indolence and help themselves. 

EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH. 

Sac and Fox agency. — The missiou of this agency is in charge of the 
agent, A. R. Howbert, assisted by E. P. Howbert. The school is also 
taught by them at irregular periods as they have the opportunity each 
day. Both being recent appointments they have not, as yet, made much 
progress, being compelled to go from hut to hut to teach, no school 
'building having been erected. The Indians are becoming more tract- 
able and industrious. Until this year none of the men did any work ; 
now about forty men work on farms and the number of laborers is 
increasing. A few wear citizens' dress, but none live in houses. 

NOT ASSIGNED TO ANY DENOMINATION. 

Xew York agency.— This agency has not been assigned to any religious 
denomination, but there are ten missions established on the nine reserva- 
tions belonging to it. The Indians, of whom there about 5,084, belong 
to the following tribes, viz, Senecas, Tuscaroras, Cayugas, Onondagas, 
Oneidas, and Saint Regis. 

The missionaries are connected with the Protestant Methodist, Pres- 
byterian, and Baptist churches and the Society of Friends. The names 
of the missionaries are: Revs. A. Wright, Geo. Ford, T. T. Horton, and 
Win. D. Buck, Cattaraugus reservation ; Rev. Wm. Hall, Alleghany 



24 



reservation ; Eev. Thomas A. Forte, (Indian, ) Saint Regis reservation ~ r 
Rev. Thomas Cornelius, (Indian,) Oneida reservation ; Rev. Thomas 
Greene, Tascarora reservation; Rev. John Griffin, Tonawanda reserva- 
tion, and Rev. Welcome Smith, Onondaga reservation ; also Rev. Abner 
Woolmau. 

The missions are progressing very satisfactory, and have an average 
attendance of about 1,000 members. There are also numerous Sunday- 
schools, which are well attended. 

There are twenty-eight schools on the reservation which receive sup- 
port from different sources, the greater portion being from the State of 
New York. The United States Government pays $1,000 for the support 
of the Thomas Orphan Asylum, on the Cattaraugus reservation The 
Society of Friends have the support of a boarding-school adjoining the 
Alleghany reservation. The Episcopal church contributed about $200, 
and about $750 were received from Indians. The twenty-eight schools 
are taught on an average thirty-two weeks in the year; all are free 
schools. The number of scholars attending them, some portion of the 
past school year, was about 1,150, and the average daily attendance 
020. There has been a marked improvement in the regularity of the 
attendance of the Indian children at school during the past three years. 
Full one-half of the teachers are Indians, and they make good teachers, 
and several Indian children are now being educated by the Govern- 
ment especially for the work of teaching their own race. 

Nearly all the New York Indians wear citizen's dress; all have 
learned to labor, and live in houses. They are skillful farmers and are 
daily becoming better and more industrious. 

The actual increase, in number, of the population since 1865 has been 
814. 



WHAT THE GOVERNMENT 

AND 



THE CHURCHES 

ARE DOING FOR 



THE INDIANS. 



WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 
1874. 




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